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* International arbitration Precedents, of the Question of compensation, in Oil Disputes
* International arbitration Precedents, of the Question of compensation, in Oil Disputes
International arbitration Precedents, of the Question of compensation, in Oil Disputes
Mohsen Mohebi
Persian text, pp. ۹-۷۰
Abstract
There are certain pieces of law enacted after the Revolution in Iran that stipulated almost restrictive regulations for the foreign investments in Iran. Among such laws are principles ۴۴, ۸۰ and ۸۱ of the Constitution, the Act on Petroleum (۱۹۸۷), the Provisions of the Annual Budget Act for the year ۱۹۹۵ as were re-approved in the Annual Budget Acts of subsequent years, and finally certain parts of the Five Years Economic Development Plan Acts (the first, second and third plan Acts).
As a consequence of these laws, the buy-back model was often adopted for the foreign investment transactions in Iran, in particular for upstream operation in petroleum industry.
The buy-back model of contract as applied in Iran for foreign investments has been subject of long debates and criticism among the experts, from different economic points of view, however, less in the lights of the international arbitration precedents produced in oil disputes.
The question of compensation payable against nationalization of foreign investment or the breach of investment contract, is one of the most important issues discussed in the international arbitration precedents. The standard of compensation developed from full to appropriate compensation. Currently, the concept of ''legitimate expectation'' of the parties is the criteria for calculations of the appropriate compensation.
Now, the question is what will be the scope of ''legitimate expectation'' of the parties in buy-back contracts, if the contract is revoked or terminated by the state party.
To respond, one must first examine the arbitration precedents in regard to payable compensation. The legal analysis of such precedents will certainly enable us to predict the financial features of buy-back contracts in the eyes of a proposed international arbitral tribunal engaged in examination of disputes arising out from such contracts.
The subject matter of this writing is a thorough study and analysis of arbitration precedents on the question of compensation, in order to pave the way for an objective prediction of a buy-back contract, if it is the subject of dispute due to termination or nationalization.
International Standards of Human Rights and
Imprisonment for Inability to Fulfil a Contractual Obligation in Iran
Seyyed Ghasem Zamani
Persian text, pp. ۷۱-۸۷
Abstract
Arising from the nature of international law, there is a general duty to bring internal law into conformity with obligations under international law. Islamic Republic of Iran as a contracting State of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (۱۹۶۶) , internationally accepted that no one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation. Although that is a non-derogable right, but it appears that the Iranian Legal Enforcement of Pecuniary Condemnations Act (۱۹۹۸) is in itself a breach of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is certain that Iran can not rely on her own legislation to limit the scope of her international obligations.
Competence judiciaire et Competence arbitrale
Mohammad Taghi Abedi
Persian text, pp. ۸۹-۱۴۶
Abstrait
Une controverse s'est leve en droit et pratique judiciaire iranienne sur la question du dessaisissement du juge en cas d'une clause d'arbitrage international. En fait, le problme est rsolu lorsqu'il s'agit d'un arbitrage interne par application de l'article ۴۵۴ du Code de Procdure Civile lequel permet aux parties de soumettre leur diffrend ne ou a natre a l'arbitrage d'une ou plusieurs personnes. Une partie de la doctrine ainsi que la majorit des magistrats estiment que les rgles de conflits de juridiction telles que l'article ۹۷۱ du Code Civil et l'article ۲۶ du C.P.C. obligent les tribunaux judiciaires de statuer sur leurs propre comptences ce qui signifierait que le lgislateur iranien ne connat pas une comptence arbitrale vis--vis de comptence judiciaire.
C'est, du reste, ce qui ressort d'un important arrt rendu en ۱۹۹۵ par l'ancien vingt-sixime Chambre civil de Thran dans une affaire entre une socit d'Etat iranien et une socit prive anglaise. Bien que le raisonnement de la Cour est dfendable en ce qui concerne l'obligation rsultant de l'article ۱۳۹ de la Constitution qui exige une ratification mme a posteriori du Conseil des ministres ainsi que le Parlement pour que la clause compromissoire soit valable, mais le recours du juge a des rgles de conflits mentionnes ci-dessus fait penser que la comptence des tribunaux doit tre suppose en tout tat de cause mme si la partie a l'arbitrage est une personne du droit prive iranien!
Ainsi, on constate que la dcision de la Cour est en contradiction avec deux principes bien tablis du droit de l'arbitrage commercial international: celui qui accord a l'arbitre international le pouvoir de statuer sur sa propre comptence dit principe de Competenz-Competenz d'une part et le principe qui interdit, au nom de l'ordre public international, le recours, par l'une des parties a l'arbitrage, aux rgles du droit internes afin de contester la comptence de l'arbitre international d'autre part.
En effet, aprs avoir prsente et dveloppe notre ide selon laquel le juge iranien est en droit, au moins en thorie, de sursoir a statuer sur le bien fonde de la clause compromissoire, nous avons pris position sur les deux principes susmentionns en acceptant le premier et rfutant le deuxime. La raison en est que l'interdiction de recours aux dispositions du droit interne en tant qu'un principe du droit de l'arbitrage international est prsente par la doctrine et pratique arbitral comme une rgle de l'ordre public international appartenant a la lex mercatoria. Or, nous estimons qu'en cas du recours, par une des parties, a une disposition du droit interne telle que l'article ۱۳۹ qui subordonne la comptence du tribunal arbitral a l'approbation du parlement iranienne, il est logique - au lieu de le combattre par un prtendu tiers droit dont l'existence et bien fonde est fortement conteste - de revenir sur la voie classique celle la loi du contrat. C'est elle qu'en fin de compte dterminera la comptence arbitrale.
Processus de dveloppement du droit d'auteur des uvres d'esprit dans les conventions internationales
Mohsen GHASEMI
Persion text, pp. ۱۴۷-۱۹۳
Abstrait
Le nombre de plus en plus croissant des conventions internationales du droit d'auteur rvle une ralit: tout en assurant autant que possible les droits d'auteur des uvres d'art et d'esprit et littraires, la communaut internationale entend faire bnficier tous les pays des acquis et ralisations, tant sur le plan moral que matriel, qui s'avrent indispensables au dveloppement des peuples dans les domaines, conomiques, sociaux, culturels et politiques:
۱- A dfaut d'une dfinition suffisamment tablie des uvres scientifiques, littraires et artistiques, on se contente de faire appel des applications en cours, ce qui rendrait possible la protection de toutes les nouvelles uvres d'esprit;
۲- En consacrant le principe de comportement national, les parties contractantes ont mis sur un pied d'galit uvres nationales et uvres trangres, toute discrimination tant exclue;
۳- Les parties contractantes ne peuvent droger aux protections minimales accordes par ces conventions, sauf exception;
۴- En prvoyant le droit de rserve en certain cas et adoptant progressives en plus des dispositions pertinentes, on entendait les susciter adhrer ces conventions.
Effects of the adhesion of Iran to the Statute of the
International Criminal Court
Homayoon Fallahian
Persian text, pp. ۱۹۵-۲۲۳
Abstract
From the perspective of the effects of adhesion of Iran to the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), coordinating the domestic laws with the crimes subject to the Statute of the ICC is of paramount importance. As to the war crimes, considering the fact that Iran has not yet adhered to the two annexed protocols to the Geneva Conventions, adherence to the Statute of the ICC requires, regardless of the current liability of Iran in terms of international obligations, a practical acceptance of the obligations of the protocols. As to the crime of genocide and its manifestations, considering the adherence of Iran to the Convention against Genocide, there seems no problem for the country to adhere to the Statute. With regard to the crime against humanity, there exist two options both of which entail problems: choosing the option of ''compliance with the regulations of the Statute of the ICC'' is in accordance with the objectives of the ICC but not expedient for Iran. The second option ''consideration of domestic criteria in the Islamic Penal Code'', though may be troubleshooter, but by choosing this option, the general historical problem in the implementation of domestic punishments in the matter of torture would continue to remain.
Key words: International criminal court - international crimes - implementation of statute of international criminal court - consequences of adherence
The Conceptual Evolution of the Right of Self-Determination
in International Law
Ali Omidi
Persian text, pp. ۲۲۵-۲۵۰
Abstract
Multi-ethnic texture or existence of the ethnic-religious minorities is one of the main structural elements of states all over the world. Consequently, we are sometimes informed about ethnic tensions and violence around the globe. A study in ۲۰۰۲ indicates that approximately ۱۲۵ wars were occurred from World War II to ۱۹۹۷ of which ۸۰ ones have been related to ethnic and religious disputes in a way. In search for the motif, it is found that the right of self-determination is the main cause for the wars. The conceptual evolution of the right of self-determination can be studied in three historic periods. First, it aimed at legitimizing the independence of new states created through the defeats and falls of empires as a result of the World War I. second, after the World War II, it evolved into the governance of the colonies and occupied territories and the third, since ۱۹۷۰, this doctrine has targeted the concept of hegemony of democracy and recognition of the minorities rights. Through the respect for the principals such as states sovereignty as well as the territorial integrity and the principal of non-interference, the international law observes the sovereignty and territorial integrity from one side and pays attention to the minorities interests and demands from the other side. To do this, the international law has mainly focused on the establishment of democratic regimes and on granting the right of autonomy to the minorities. This article concentrates on the conceptual evolutions, grounds and requirements for the right of self-determination in the international law.
Mohsen Mohebi
Persian text, pp. ۹-۷۰
Abstract
There are certain pieces of law enacted after the Revolution in Iran that stipulated almost restrictive regulations for the foreign investments in Iran. Among such laws are principles ۴۴, ۸۰ and ۸۱ of the Constitution, the Act on Petroleum (۱۹۸۷), the Provisions of the Annual Budget Act for the year ۱۹۹۵ as were re-approved in the Annual Budget Acts of subsequent years, and finally certain parts of the Five Years Economic Development Plan Acts (the first, second and third plan Acts).
As a consequence of these laws, the buy-back model was often adopted for the foreign investment transactions in Iran, in particular for upstream operation in petroleum industry.
The buy-back model of contract as applied in Iran for foreign investments has been subject of long debates and criticism among the experts, from different economic points of view, however, less in the lights of the international arbitration precedents produced in oil disputes.
The question of compensation payable against nationalization of foreign investment or the breach of investment contract, is one of the most important issues discussed in the international arbitration precedents. The standard of compensation developed from full to appropriate compensation. Currently, the concept of ''legitimate expectation'' of the parties is the criteria for calculations of the appropriate compensation.
Now, the question is what will be the scope of ''legitimate expectation'' of the parties in buy-back contracts, if the contract is revoked or terminated by the state party.
To respond, one must first examine the arbitration precedents in regard to payable compensation. The legal analysis of such precedents will certainly enable us to predict the financial features of buy-back contracts in the eyes of a proposed international arbitral tribunal engaged in examination of disputes arising out from such contracts.
The subject matter of this writing is a thorough study and analysis of arbitration precedents on the question of compensation, in order to pave the way for an objective prediction of a buy-back contract, if it is the subject of dispute due to termination or nationalization.
International Standards of Human Rights and
Imprisonment for Inability to Fulfil a Contractual Obligation in Iran
Seyyed Ghasem Zamani
Persian text, pp. ۷۱-۸۷
Abstract
Arising from the nature of international law, there is a general duty to bring internal law into conformity with obligations under international law. Islamic Republic of Iran as a contracting State of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (۱۹۶۶) , internationally accepted that no one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation. Although that is a non-derogable right, but it appears that the Iranian Legal Enforcement of Pecuniary Condemnations Act (۱۹۹۸) is in itself a breach of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is certain that Iran can not rely on her own legislation to limit the scope of her international obligations.
Competence judiciaire et Competence arbitrale
Mohammad Taghi Abedi
Persian text, pp. ۸۹-۱۴۶
Abstrait
Une controverse s'est leve en droit et pratique judiciaire iranienne sur la question du dessaisissement du juge en cas d'une clause d'arbitrage international. En fait, le problme est rsolu lorsqu'il s'agit d'un arbitrage interne par application de l'article ۴۵۴ du Code de Procdure Civile lequel permet aux parties de soumettre leur diffrend ne ou a natre a l'arbitrage d'une ou plusieurs personnes. Une partie de la doctrine ainsi que la majorit des magistrats estiment que les rgles de conflits de juridiction telles que l'article ۹۷۱ du Code Civil et l'article ۲۶ du C.P.C. obligent les tribunaux judiciaires de statuer sur leurs propre comptences ce qui signifierait que le lgislateur iranien ne connat pas une comptence arbitrale vis--vis de comptence judiciaire.
C'est, du reste, ce qui ressort d'un important arrt rendu en ۱۹۹۵ par l'ancien vingt-sixime Chambre civil de Thran dans une affaire entre une socit d'Etat iranien et une socit prive anglaise. Bien que le raisonnement de la Cour est dfendable en ce qui concerne l'obligation rsultant de l'article ۱۳۹ de la Constitution qui exige une ratification mme a posteriori du Conseil des ministres ainsi que le Parlement pour que la clause compromissoire soit valable, mais le recours du juge a des rgles de conflits mentionnes ci-dessus fait penser que la comptence des tribunaux doit tre suppose en tout tat de cause mme si la partie a l'arbitrage est une personne du droit prive iranien!
Ainsi, on constate que la dcision de la Cour est en contradiction avec deux principes bien tablis du droit de l'arbitrage commercial international: celui qui accord a l'arbitre international le pouvoir de statuer sur sa propre comptence dit principe de Competenz-Competenz d'une part et le principe qui interdit, au nom de l'ordre public international, le recours, par l'une des parties a l'arbitrage, aux rgles du droit internes afin de contester la comptence de l'arbitre international d'autre part.
En effet, aprs avoir prsente et dveloppe notre ide selon laquel le juge iranien est en droit, au moins en thorie, de sursoir a statuer sur le bien fonde de la clause compromissoire, nous avons pris position sur les deux principes susmentionns en acceptant le premier et rfutant le deuxime. La raison en est que l'interdiction de recours aux dispositions du droit interne en tant qu'un principe du droit de l'arbitrage international est prsente par la doctrine et pratique arbitral comme une rgle de l'ordre public international appartenant a la lex mercatoria. Or, nous estimons qu'en cas du recours, par une des parties, a une disposition du droit interne telle que l'article ۱۳۹ qui subordonne la comptence du tribunal arbitral a l'approbation du parlement iranienne, il est logique - au lieu de le combattre par un prtendu tiers droit dont l'existence et bien fonde est fortement conteste - de revenir sur la voie classique celle la loi du contrat. C'est elle qu'en fin de compte dterminera la comptence arbitrale.
Processus de dveloppement du droit d'auteur des uvres d'esprit dans les conventions internationales
Mohsen GHASEMI
Persion text, pp. ۱۴۷-۱۹۳
Abstrait
Le nombre de plus en plus croissant des conventions internationales du droit d'auteur rvle une ralit: tout en assurant autant que possible les droits d'auteur des uvres d'art et d'esprit et littraires, la communaut internationale entend faire bnficier tous les pays des acquis et ralisations, tant sur le plan moral que matriel, qui s'avrent indispensables au dveloppement des peuples dans les domaines, conomiques, sociaux, culturels et politiques:
۱- A dfaut d'une dfinition suffisamment tablie des uvres scientifiques, littraires et artistiques, on se contente de faire appel des applications en cours, ce qui rendrait possible la protection de toutes les nouvelles uvres d'esprit;
۲- En consacrant le principe de comportement national, les parties contractantes ont mis sur un pied d'galit uvres nationales et uvres trangres, toute discrimination tant exclue;
۳- Les parties contractantes ne peuvent droger aux protections minimales accordes par ces conventions, sauf exception;
۴- En prvoyant le droit de rserve en certain cas et adoptant progressives en plus des dispositions pertinentes, on entendait les susciter adhrer ces conventions.
Effects of the adhesion of Iran to the Statute of the
International Criminal Court
Homayoon Fallahian
Persian text, pp. ۱۹۵-۲۲۳
Abstract
From the perspective of the effects of adhesion of Iran to the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), coordinating the domestic laws with the crimes subject to the Statute of the ICC is of paramount importance. As to the war crimes, considering the fact that Iran has not yet adhered to the two annexed protocols to the Geneva Conventions, adherence to the Statute of the ICC requires, regardless of the current liability of Iran in terms of international obligations, a practical acceptance of the obligations of the protocols. As to the crime of genocide and its manifestations, considering the adherence of Iran to the Convention against Genocide, there seems no problem for the country to adhere to the Statute. With regard to the crime against humanity, there exist two options both of which entail problems: choosing the option of ''compliance with the regulations of the Statute of the ICC'' is in accordance with the objectives of the ICC but not expedient for Iran. The second option ''consideration of domestic criteria in the Islamic Penal Code'', though may be troubleshooter, but by choosing this option, the general historical problem in the implementation of domestic punishments in the matter of torture would continue to remain.
Key words: International criminal court - international crimes - implementation of statute of international criminal court - consequences of adherence
The Conceptual Evolution of the Right of Self-Determination
in International Law
Ali Omidi
Persian text, pp. ۲۲۵-۲۵۰
Abstract
Multi-ethnic texture or existence of the ethnic-religious minorities is one of the main structural elements of states all over the world. Consequently, we are sometimes informed about ethnic tensions and violence around the globe. A study in ۲۰۰۲ indicates that approximately ۱۲۵ wars were occurred from World War II to ۱۹۹۷ of which ۸۰ ones have been related to ethnic and religious disputes in a way. In search for the motif, it is found that the right of self-determination is the main cause for the wars. The conceptual evolution of the right of self-determination can be studied in three historic periods. First, it aimed at legitimizing the independence of new states created through the defeats and falls of empires as a result of the World War I. second, after the World War II, it evolved into the governance of the colonies and occupied territories and the third, since ۱۹۷۰, this doctrine has targeted the concept of hegemony of democracy and recognition of the minorities rights. Through the respect for the principals such as states sovereignty as well as the territorial integrity and the principal of non-interference, the international law observes the sovereignty and territorial integrity from one side and pays attention to the minorities interests and demands from the other side. To do this, the international law has mainly focused on the establishment of democratic regimes and on granting the right of autonomy to the minorities. This article concentrates on the conceptual evolutions, grounds and requirements for the right of self-determination in the international law.
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